The Role of Audience in Media Meaning Making

MANUAL ON THE NEW GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM For National Government Agencies ACCOUNTING POLICIES Volume I Chapter 1. Presentation Objectives of the Manual. The New Government Accounting System (NGAS) Manual presents the fundamental strategies and techniques; the new coding framework; the bookkeeping frameworks, books, libraries, records, structures, reports, and fiscal summaries; and illustrative bookkeeping sections to be embraced by all national government organizations viable January 1, 2002. The targets of the Manual are to recommend the accompanying: . Uniform rules and strategies in representing government assets and property; b. New coding structure and graph of records; c. Bookkeeping books, libraries, records, structures, reports and budget summaries; and d. Bookkeeping sections. Inclusion. This Manual will be utilized by all national government organizations. Legitimate Basis. This Manual is recommended by the Commission on Audit compliant with Article IX-D, Section 2 st andard. (2) of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines which gives that: The Commission on Audit will have elite power, subject to the impediments in this Article, to characterize the extent of its review and assessment, build up the strategies and techniques required therefor, and declare bookkeeping and examining rules and guidelines, including those for the anticipation and forbiddance of unpredictable, superfluous, exorbitant, extreme, or unconscionable uses, or employments of government reserves and properties†. (underscoring provided) Chapter 2. Essential Features and Policies Basic Features and Policies. The NGAS has the accompanying essential highlights and strategies, indeed: a.Accrual Accounting. A changed gathering premise of bookkeeping will be utilized. Under this technique, all costs will be perceived when caused and detailed in the fiscal summaries in the period to which they relate. Salary will be on gathering premise aside from exchanges where collection premise is illogical or when different techniques are legally necessary. b. One Fund Concept. This framework embraces the one store idea. Separate reserve bookkeeping will be done just when explicitly legally necessary or by a contributor office or when in any case required by conditions subject to earlier endorsement of the Commission. . Graph of Accounts and Account Codes. Another graph of records and coding structure with a three-digit account numbering framework will be embraced. (See Volume III, The Chart of Accounts) d. Books of Accounts. Every national office will keep up two arrangements of books, specifically: Regular Agency (RA) Books. These will be utilized to record the receipt and usage of Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) and other pay/receipts which the organizations are approved to utilize and to store with Authorized Government Depository Bank (AGDB) and the National Treasury.These will comprise of diaries and records, as follows: Journals †¢ Cash Rec eipts Journal (CRJ) †¢ Cash Disbursements Journal (CDJ) †¢ Check Disbursements Journal (CkDJ) †¢ General Journal (GJ) Ledgers †¢ General Ledger (GL) †¢ Subsidiary Ledgers (SL) for: ? Money ? Receivables ? Inventories ? Speculations ? Property, Plant and Equipment ? Development in Progress ? Liabilities ? Salary ? Costs National Government (NG) Books. These will be utilized to record pay which the organizations are not approved to utilize and are required to be dispatched to the National Treasury.These will comprise of: †¢ Cash Journal (CJ) †¢ General Journal (GJ) †¢ General Ledger (GL) †¢ Subsidiary Ledger (SL) With the execution of the automated office bookkeeping framework, just the General Journal will be utilized along with the records by the two books. e. Budget summaries. The accompanying explanations will be readied: †¢ Balance Sheet †¢ Statement of Government Equity †¢ Statement of Income and Expenses †¢ Statem ent of Cash Flows Notes to Financial Statements will go with the above tatements. f. Two-Money Column Trial Balance. The two †cash section preliminary equalization demonstrating the record adjusts will be utilized. g. Distribution and Obligation. Commitment bookkeeping is altered to disentangle strategies in the incurrence and liquidation of commitments and the chronicle of the budgetary records (distributions and commitments acquired and exchanged). Separate vaults will be kept up to control the distributions and commitments for every one of the four classes of portions, in particular: Registry of Allotments and Obligations †Capital Outlay (RAOCO) †¢ Registry of Allotments and Obligations †Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (RAOMO) †¢ Registry of Allotments and Obligations †Personal Services (RAOPS) †¢ Registry of Allotments and Obligations-Financial Expenses (RAOFE). h. Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA). The receipt of NCA by the office will be recorded in the books as charge to account â€Å"Cash-National Treasury, Modified Disbursement System (MDS)† and credit to account â€Å"Subsidy Income from National Government†. I. Budgetary Expenses.Financial costs, for example, bank charges, premium costs, duty charges and other related costs will be independently ordered from Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE). j. Unending Inventory of Supplies and Materials. Supplies and materials bought for stock reason will be recorded utilizing the never-ending stock framework. Standard buys will be flowed through the stock record and issuances thereof will be recorded as they occur aside from those bought out of Petty Cash Fund which will be charged legitimately to the proper business ledgers. k. Valuation of Inventory.Cost of consummation stock of provisions and materials will be processed utilizing the moving normal strategy. l. Support of Supplies and Property, Plant and Equipment Ledger Cards. For suitable check and parity, the Accounting Units of offices, just as the Property Offices, will keep up Supplies Ledger Cards/Stock Cards by stock number and Property, Plant and Equipment Ledger Cards/Property Cards by class of property, plant and hardware, separately. m. Development of Assets. For resources under development, the Construction Period Theory will be applied for costing purposes.Bonus paid to the temporary worker for finishing the work early will be added to the absolute expense of the task. Sold harms charged and paid for by the contractual worker will be deducted from the all out expense of the task. Any related costs caused during the development of the task, for example, charges, intrigue, permit expenses, license charges, leeway charge, and so on will be promoted, and those acquired after the development will frame some portion of working expense. n. Vault of Public Infrastructures/Registry of Reforestation Projects.For offices that develop open frameworks, for example, st reets, spans, conduits, railroads, square, landmarks, and so forth , and contribute on reforestation extends, a Registry of Public Infrastructures (RPI)/Registry of Reforestation Projects (RRP) will be kept up for every classification of foundations/reforestation ventures. Models are: †¢ Registry of Public Infrastructures †Bridges (RPIB) †¢ Registry of Public Infrastructures †Roads (RPIR) †¢ Registry of Public Infrastructures †Parks (RPIP) †¢ Registry of Reforestation Projects (RRP)A Summary of Public Infrastructures/Reforestation Projects will be arranged and remembered for the Notes to Financial Statements. o. Devaluation. The straight-line technique for devaluation will be utilized. Deterioration will begin the second month after acquisition of the property, plant and hardware, and a remaining worth proportional to 10% of the buy cost will be set-up. Open frameworks/reforestation extends just as workable resources that are done being utilized wi ll not be charged any devaluation. . Renaming of Assets. Workable resources done being utilized will be renamed to â€Å"Other Assets† account and will not be dependent upon deterioration. q. Stipend for Doubtful Accounts. An Allowance for Doubtful Accounts will be set up for evaluated uncollectible exchange receivables to consider their reasonable valuation. r. End of Contingent Accounts. Unforeseen records will never again be utilized. Every single money related exchange will be recorded utilizing the proper accounts.Cash deficiencies and refused installments, which become last and executory, will be recorded under receivable records â€Å"Due From Officers and Employees† or â€Å"Receivables-Disallowances/Charges†, by and large. s. Acknowledgment of Liability. Obligation will be perceived at the time products and ventures are acknowledged or rendered and provider/lender bills are gotten. t. Intrigue Accrual. At whatever point commonsense and proper, intrigue pay and additionally cost will be accumulated and perceived in the books of records. u. Representing Borrowings and Loans. All borrowings and credits brought about will be recorded to the suitable risk accounts. . Disposal of end product and negative diary passages. The utilization of end product and negative diary sections will be halted. Procurement/Disposition of benefits will be charged/credited to the proper resource accounts. On the off chance that a mistake is submitted, a rectifying passage to alter the first section will be readied. w. Unimportant Cash Fund. The Petty Cash Fund will be kept up under the imprest framework. Thusly, all recharges will be straightforwardly charged to the business ledger and consistently, the Petty Cash Fund will be equivalent to the all out money close by and the unreplenished expenses.The Petty Cash Fund will not be utilized to buy normal stock/things for stock. x. Outside Currency Adjustment. Money stores in outside cash and exceptional remot e advances will be figured at the conversion standard recommended by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas at accounting report dat